An Assessment of the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Childhood Immunization in Kebbi State
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Background of the Study
Childhood immunization is a crucial public health intervention that prevents morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, polio, and diphtheria (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024). Despite global efforts to increase immunization coverage, disparities persist due to socioeconomic factors, including parental education, income levels, and healthcare accessibility (Nigeria Centre for Disease Control [NCDC], 2024).
In Nigeria, immunization coverage varies significantly across states, with northern states like Kebbi exhibiting lower rates due to cultural beliefs, poverty, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure (Aliyu & Garba, 2024). Socioeconomic factors, including household income, maternal education, and healthcare affordability, play a critical role in determining whether children receive complete immunization (Usman et al., 2024). In Kebbi State, many rural communities lack access to immunization services, and vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, exacerbating preventable disease outbreaks (Ogunleye et al., 2024).
This study seeks to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors on childhood immunization in Kebbi State. Understanding these factors will provide insights into improving vaccination coverage and reducing preventable childhood illnesses in the region.
Statement of the Problem
Despite national immunization programs and global initiatives, Kebbi State continues to report low childhood immunization rates (NCDC, 2024). Socioeconomic barriers, including poverty, illiteracy, and lack of healthcare access, contribute to vaccine underutilization (Mohammed & Ibrahim, 2024). Many caregivers either lack awareness of vaccination benefits or face financial and geographical constraints that hinder their ability to access immunization services (Okonkwo & Bello, 2024).
The failure to achieve high immunization coverage places children at risk of preventable diseases, leading to high infant morbidity and mortality rates (Eze & Usman, 2024). However, there is a lack of region-specific research assessing how socioeconomic factors influence immunization decisions in Kebbi State. This study seeks to bridge this gap by analyzing the relationship between socioeconomic factors and childhood immunization, providing recommendations for targeted interventions.
Objectives of the Study
1. To evaluate the impact of parental education and income on childhood immunization rates in Kebbi State.
2. To identify key socioeconomic barriers affecting immunization uptake.
3. To propose strategies for improving childhood immunization coverage.
Research Questions
1. How do parental education and income levels influence childhood immunization in Kebbi State?
2. What are the major socioeconomic barriers to childhood immunization uptake?
3. What strategies can be implemented to improve childhood immunization rates?
Research Hypotheses
1. Higher parental education and income levels are associated with increased childhood immunization rates.
2. Socioeconomic barriers significantly hinder childhood immunization coverage.
3. Implementing targeted interventions will improve immunization uptake among children in Kebbi State.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on the impact of socioeconomic factors on childhood immunization in selected communities within Kebbi State. Limitations may include challenges in obtaining accurate self-reported data and the influence of cultural and religious beliefs on vaccination decisions.
Definitions of Terms
• Childhood Immunization – The process of administering vaccines to children to protect against infectious diseases.
• Socioeconomic Factors – Economic and social conditions that influence individuals' access to healthcare services.
• Vaccine Hesitancy – Reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines.
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